Aspects Of Lincoln The Election Of 1864 - 2659 Words

ASPECTS OF LINCOLN: The Election of 1864 Kim Zenor Civil War 10/09/14 ASPECTS OF LINCOLN: The Election of 1864 INTRODUCTION There are many events, places, and people whose presence in the course of human history has had a significant effect on that history, like the Fall of Rome and The Black Plague in the Middle-Ages that saw the deaths of nearly half of the population of Europe. These significant events have a profound effect on the present and future of the societies yet to come. American history is no different. There are moments that changed the paradigm of our young civilization. The Rebellion of the 13 colonies against Britain, the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the development the Constitution, and the wining of the Revolutionary War are just a few. Without these events the reality of American society would be incredibly different, in fact, it might not exist at all. The Civil War is another such occurrence in American history that shaped and decided the course that this country would take. When we think of the Civil War the average person immediately thinks of the ending of slavery a nd the Emancipation Proclamation, the bloody Battle of Gettysburg, and the Presidency of Abraham Lincoln. While these events were all serious elements of the War, it is not the full picture. There are many myths that have arisen in relation to both the Civil War and Abraham Lincoln that have become legend and theShow MoreRelatedThe Passing of the Emancipation Proclamation as the Result of Lincoln’s Desire to Undermine the Southern Economy1253 Words   |  6 PagesLincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation completed the most significant u-turn in American history. Months before, in the Crittendon Resolution, Lincoln had explicitly stated that Union forces would not target Southern plantations, and that the South would be welcomed back into the Union with or without the slave system. At this point, Lincoln regarded slavery as a potentially divisive issue and, as noted by the historians Johansson and Hofstatder, aimed to avoid anything thatRead MoreAnalysis Of J. Tracy Power s Lee s Miserables1429 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most prominent armies of the civil war the Army of Northern Virginia is one of the most commonly analyzed aspects of the confederacy. In J. Tracy Power’s Lee’s Miserables, Power evaluates the mindset of the soldiers by following their correspondence to family members as well as their use of diaries. The book is designed to demonstrate the psychological changes of the soldiers from The Battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania to the eventual surrender of the army at Appomattox. PowerRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln s Presidency1589 Words   |  7 PagesLincoln’s presidency, Lincoln made a vast number of speeches and wrote many letters. These letters and speeches focused on a variety of topics and issues that were prominent before, during, and after the time of the Civil War. During this time, slavery was one of, if not the top main issue in the Unit ed States. Lincoln was very outspoken on his views of slavery, what he wanted to happen, and what he did not want to happen with the institution. One of the main points that Lincoln makes throughout hisRead MoreEconomics, Political, And Union Leadership1296 Words   |  6 PagesEconomics, political viewpoint, and union leadership were the primary reason the union won the war. Although, Abraham Lincoln, committed to the preservation of the union, his leadership was not the primary reason the north won. The union economy had an advantage to winning the war over the south. The northern states had more money; which allowed them to increase their assets, such as, their industries, technologies, as well as transportation. The North acquired their money by raising loans and issuingRead MoreFrederick Douglass And President Lincoln1524 Words   |  7 PagesThesis: Douglass and President Lincoln agreed that slavery needed to be abolished and the Nation needed to be united as one. Lincoln realized that he needed to bring in Frederick Douglass; the combination of a strong and influential black leader and the President of the United States could now create a cohesive group of abolitionists and the Union. Frederick Douglass realized that President Lincoln’s own personality and political judgment would help him free slaves across the country. Realizing eachRead MoreThe Events Leading Up to the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe events leading up to the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln There are men who want to take my life. And I have no doubt they will do it. . . If it is to be done, it is impossible to prevent it. This quote can closely be related to Abraham Lincoln and his assassination. This shows that President Lincoln was committed to his beliefs and traditions. When Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, it was because his killer was an anti-abolitionist, and he did not agree with Lincoln’s ways. HeRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Reconstruction Era1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe reconstruction era was a time that then affected America in positive facets and negative aspects as well, and still affects America today. Thanks to the reconstruction era, there are several implementations that geared the world on the path in which it is today. Had it not been for some of the laws that were set in place African Americans may have not had many of the opportunities that were presented during the reconstruction period, therefore the years of oppression and cruelty might s till beRead More Spirits and Abraham Lincoln: Letters to President Lincoln Concerning Spiritualism2806 Words   |  12 Pagesnineteenth century, American spiritualists maintained that Abraham Lincoln had been a spiritualist too. Whenever they drew up lists of prominent believers, Lincoln was foremost among the reformers, judges, governors, senators, and scientists whose stature lent credence to their movement. In this paper, I look at letters written to President Lincoln by spiritualists or about spiritualism, but it is not my aim to determine whether or not Lincoln was a spiritualist. Instead, I use these letters to reflectRead MoreReconstruction Of The American Civil War1861 Words   |  8 Pagesthe mexican’s defeat to popular sovereignty. Afterwards, Abraham Lincoln was elected as the 16th president in the election of 1860. The Battle of Fort Sumter occurs on April 12 of 1861, which lasted to April 14, 1861. This battle was the first battle of Civil War (Tyler). Also, the Union attempted to resupply the fort and the South fired on the fort, which made the war unavoidable. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Lincoln, in January 1, 1863, which freed all slaves in the ConfederateRead MoreGeneral Sherman And The Match Of The Sea1919 Words   |  8 Pageslost the battle, but President Abraham Lincoln saw his promise and promoted him to Brigadier General on August seventh, 1861. Before his March to the sea he had accomplished a lot, an example of this is the Atlanta campaign that took place between May and September 1864. Together with General Grant, they believed that they had to destroy the Confederacy’s capacity for waging war. They would do this by attacking the economic, strategic, and physiological aspects of the South to bring it to its knees

The Organizational Implications of Robotics Free Essays

string(84) " that support the robots that affect the putrescence of o†sanitation†s\." Forecasts of how many robots will be used In 1990 I- the u-led States range between 75,000 and 150,000 (Hunt Hunt, 1983). Little Is known, however, about how Individual employees react to the Introduction of robots or about the changes needed In organizations to support robotics. Our research focuses on â€Å"deterrents†g the human side of robotics–how Individuals react to robots, how and when organizations should be modified to support robotics, and what effective strategies are for the Implementation of robotics. We will write a custom essay sample on The Organizational Implications of Robotics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Robot Institute of America defines a robot as a programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move objects through variable programmed motions to perform a variety of tasks (Robot Institute of America, 1982). Two characteristics differentiate taboos from most other forms of automation: multiple task capability and programmability. The robots used most frequently in U. S. Factories today, in jobs that involve moving material, welding, drilling, or spray painting, are called level To’ first-generation robots. Researchers are now in the process of developing taboos, known as level II or second-generation robots, with more sophisticated sensing and thinking capabilities. For example, a level II robot that is capable of identifying the location of parts of different shapes and sizes is currently bee†g developed. Other examples of level II robots include those that mine underground coal seams, detect gas leaks, or perform sophisticated I†speciation tasks. Ares and Miller (1983) provide a good description of the current and expected future capabilities of robotics. 2 1:1 this paper. E first develop a GE:learn framework for’ the effects of robots I:altitudes and We I:electorate from our field studies of the implementation:l of robotics as well as from other field studies f the Impact of robotics our general framework. The methodology and results of our field studies are described in greater detail In Argots, Goodman, a:old Cascade (1983) a:old Argots and Goodman (1984). We co nclude the paper with suggestions for researchers who are analyzing the Implementation of robotics and with recommendations for managers who plan to utilize robotics In their organizations. A General Framework The use of robotics may have a profound effect on the organization of work a. ‘old on the productivity of tessellations. Robots typically require :lee skills of both reduction and technical support personnel and require closer l:alterations among functional areas (Argots. Goodman, Cascade, 1983). Robots may displace some Technology Assessment, 1984). Robots may also enable organizations to be more flexible by decreasing set-up times associated WI the product changeovers. Moreover, robots may enable organizations to achieve greater consists:LLC I:l the quality of their products (Ares Miller, 1983; Guest, 1984). In this section, we develop a general framework for anticipating these effects of robots on individuals and organizations s well as for predict:leg the conditions under which the use of robots will enhance organizational performance. Organizational Performance L â€Å"l order to present our general framework, we first must discuss the concept of organ:location:ala performance. Organizations can be thought of as consisting of three basic components–people, etc†Ã¢â‚¬ logy. And structure. 3 It is the compatibility between† these three basic comps†e†TTS of organ†Tioga:l’s that determined†sees their Performa†CE (Alleviate, 1965; Emery Trust, 1973). Organizational performance is a complex variable with multiple dimensions (Goodman Pen†inns, 1977; Katz Kahn, 1978). Examples of performance criteria that are critical in the manufacture:leg environment are productivity, product quality, manufacture:leg flexibility, absenteeism, turnover, and employee motivation and well-bee:leg. These criteria may vary in importance over time and to different constituencies. For example, sales and marketing departments may place a higher premium on manufacturing flexibility than other functional areas because it enables the organization to adapt to customers’ needs in a timely fashion. Similarly, manufacture:leg flexibility may be ore important in early than in late stages off product’s life cycle (Kaplan, 1983). Further, these performance crib terra are likely to be interrelate Ted, sometimes complex ways. For example, employee motivation may be positively related to work unit productivity under conditions of uncertain:let that occur, for example, when a machine breaks down, while employee motivation may have little effect on the productivity of capital-I:latencies firms under route†e or programmed condo actions (CB. Goodman, 1979). Similarly, productivity, at least measured I† the short tune, may be negatively associated with manufacture:leg flexibility. The complexity of the concept of organizational performance suggests that understanding the impact and effects of :lee technologies requires an appreciation of the interrelationships among the elements of organizations. It also suggests the †deed for exam†I:leg multiple performance criteria a:old the trade-offs among them. Further research is :leaded to identify how the I†duration:l of robots will affect the elements of an organization a:old the conditions under which these elements may be 4 compatible. He few exists†g meme†kcal studies of the of robots (Argots, Goodman, Cascade, 983; Argots Goodman†, 1984; Office of Technology Assessment, 1984) and thee-ethical work on Job design, o†generational SST†structure, o†generational effective†sees, a†d the introduction of change enable us to sug gest what these effects a†e likely to be and when the use of †boots is likely to e†ha†CE manufacture†I†g pee†finance We want to emphasize that us’†g robots does not automatically imply certain consequence†sees for organizations but rather it is the interplay between characteristics of the technology, the manner in which it is I†traduced, the organization’s structure, For example, some companies p†ovoid little training of† their robot operators and design the Jobs of operators such that they have little autonomy and are very dependent on technical support staff. Other comma†sees provide more trait†ins for their operators, design more autonomy into their Jobs, and expect them to be actively involved in patriotism†g the operation of the robots. Our sense is that the latter approach to design†ins the operator’s Job results in more motivated operators and a speedier and smoother implement†taxation than the boomer. The technology in each approach is the same. It is the supporting organizational arrangements that are different. Thus, the use of robots does not determine certain consequences for organizations. Instead it is the relationship between characteristics of the robots, the people who operate and maintain the robots, and the organizational arrangements that support the robots that affect the putrescence of o†sanitation†s. You read "The Organizational Implications of Robotics" in category "Papers" I†dividable Employees We †owe turn to what is known about how the I†durationâ €  of â€Å"O bots typically affects individual employees I† organ†actions. The I†duration† of robots usually changes the skills and Job activities of I†dividable employees. In our study off plant in the metal-working industry, the introduction of a robot that performed material handling activities caused a shift in the robot operators’ Jobs from primarily manual to primarily mental activities (Argots, Goodman, Cascade, 1983). The Office of Technology Assessment (TOT) reports a similar change with the introduction of welding robots in the automobile industry: the introduction of the robots removed some of the physical demands from the Jobs of human operators (TOT, 1984). Thus, the introduction of robots in both studies had a positive effect on employees’ work environments: the robots assumed some of the very physically demanding tasks otherwise performed by humans. At the same time, both studies found that the introduction of robots had certain negative effects on employees. Operators in our study reported that they experienced more stress and less control after the robot SASS introduced (Argots, Goodman, Cascade, 1983). Similarly, the TOT report indicates that direct production employees felt less control with the introduction of the welding robots, because their Jobs were now tied to an assembly line (TOT, 1984). Repair supervisors in the TOT report also experienced greater stress upon the implementation of robots, apparently due to the pressures of maintaining a complex and highly integrated production system (TOT , 1984). Based on previous research, we expect that if the I†transduction of robots leads to employees experiencing less control over their work environment, then they will be less satisfied, less motivated, and experience more stress upon the introduction of new technologies (Blabber, 6 1964; Hack† Lawyer, 1971; Hickman Lolled, 1975; Sutton Kahn, in press). We also expect that systems that are very complex or characterized by low reliability will be associated with increased stress (Bright, 1958; TOT, 1984). The experience of variety and feedback on the Job promotes employee well-bet†g (Hickman Lolled, 1975). If the use of robotics affects the variety and feedback employees experience, then we expect corresponding changes in their satisfaction and motivation. Along these lines, the TOT report I†dictates that mat†tenancy introduction of welding robots: the maintenance workers’ Jobs were characterized by greater variety and more challenge (TOT, 1984). The introduction of robotics typically changes the skill requirements of both production and technical support personnel. As noted earlier, the use of robots usually shifts operators’ Jobs from manually-oriented to mentally-oriented activities. If these changes are compatible with employees’ skills and preferences, employees will feel more satisfied and less stress with the change. Strategies are suggested later in this chapter for maximizing the fit between employees and their Jobs and for designing the Jobs of employees, both direct and indirect, who must interact with robots. The manner in which robots are implemented may also affect employee reaction to the change. Coco and Fresh’s (1948) classic study indicates that introducing change n a participative fashion increases the likelihood that employees will react positively to change. Other researchers have also stressed participation as a key variable in determining the extent to which employees react positively to change (Cotter Schlesinger, 1979; Deteriorate al. , 1983). While employees I† the two organizations we studied did †to participate at all in any decisions surrounding the I†transduction of the robots, employees at both organizations desired more that† they actually had (Argots, Goodman, Cascade, 1983; Argots Goodman, 1984). The discrepancy between how much influence they actually had and how much they desired was especially pronounced at the second organization we studied, possibly because the organization was unionized and had a tradition of employee participation. While employees desired more influence, they acknowledged that the implementation of robotics is a complex activity requiring technical expertise that they generally do not possess. Hence, employees did not expect a great deal of influence in decisions regarding robotics. They did feel, however, that they had some expertise, especially concerning work processes and machines in their department, and that they should be involved in socio† related to their areas of expertise. Another dimension of the implementation process is the method organizations use to communicate with employees about the introduction of robotics. Organizations may use a variety of communication mechanisms, including talks by the plant manager, meetings with first-line supervisors, and demonstrations. L† our research, we examined how effective employees rated the various communication sources their organizations used to introduce robotics. Our results indicate that demonstrations of the operation of robots are [dated by employees as most effective or increasing their understanding of robots (Argots, Goodman. Cascade, 1983). This result is corroborated by the finding that the demonstration had a greater impact on employees’ beliefs about and attitudes towards robotics than any other communication source the organization used (Argots Goodman, 1985). 8 How employee motivation, satisfaction and stress affect the performance of firms using robotics remains an open question. Teethe is a growing sense in the business literature that these human resource issues are critical too firm’s ability to compete that using robotics and other programmable automation in ways that enhance employee well-being leads to increased organizational efficiency (TOT, 1984). Consequently, it is important that we identify the conditions under which employee motivation, satisfaction, and stress affect the overall performance of firms using robotics. A† interesting hypothesis developed from previous research is that these human resource variables affect the overall performance of work units when nonprogrammer situations occur, for example, a machine breakdown or the introduction of a new product (CB. Goodman, 1979). Under routine operating conditions, human motivation and attitudes †ay have little effect on the performance f robotics systems. That is, human resource variables may matter more when tech. †eulogies are first being implemented, when new products alee being introduced, To’ when unexpected problems arise than when systems are operating routinely. Organizational Structures In addition to affecting individual employees, the introduction of robots may also change the basic structures of organizations–communication within and between departments, decision-making responsibilities, role relationships and the like. In our study, we found that the introduction of a robot led to increased interactions teen production and technical support personnel from engineering and maintenance. Studies of other technologies similar to robots, such as numerical control machines, report similar increases in interaction among production, engineering, and maintenance groups (Williams Williams, 1964; TOT, 1984). 9 The use of robotics also has the potential to chaw:leg collation:lisps between production a:old markets:leg groups is:lace robots may reduce the time it takes to change from one product to another. This potential could e:label organizations both to accommodate a more varied product mix a:old to response:old more easily to customer demands. Although we have :lot yet witnessed a:AY empirical evidence of modified relationships between production and marketing due to the introduction of robots, these changes might occur as more robots are put on line and linked in integrated systems. There is some evidence that the use of advanced automation on the factory floor may enable organizations to centralize production scheduling decisions (TOT, 1984). This may reduce the need for technical experts who schedule production as well as eliminate scheduling tasks from supervisors’ Jobs. Similarly, intelligent robots that perform inspection tasks may reduce the requirement for facial quality control staff. Indeed the use of intelligent robots may lead to fewer hierarchical levels within organizations as well as too smaller number of direct production workers (Cherty, Dunked, Jordan, Miller, 1984). This is because intelligent systems alee capable of performing many activities, both manual and mental, traditionally performed by supervisors and certain support staff as well as by direct production workers. There are already examples of organizations where the use of programmable automation has led to the elimination of one layer of supervisors Chem.., Sisley, Liker, Earthman, Thomas, 1984). At the same time, the use of intelligent robots may require more individuals with expertise maintaining and programming robots. R Thus far, we have focused on describing how the use of robotics is likely to change these structural changes may be associated with improved manufacturing performance. As noted earlier, the use of 10 robotics typically I†creases the I†trepanned†CE of activities performed by member’s of different functional groups. He†CE the use of robotics usually requires more interaction among these functional areas. We have observed companies where the increased interactions went extremely smoothly, a†d all groups were motivated to cooperate in the implementation of the †ewe technology. We have also observed companies where the increased interaction was characterized by hostility, impede†g the implementation. What differentiates these two situations? In their analysis of interdepartmental conflict in organizations, Walton and Dutton (1969) discuss the conditions under which interdenominational relationships are characterized by conflict. These conditions include: a reward structure that emphasizes the performance of separate roofs; asymmetric interdependence in which one group is more dependent on the other; communication obstacles such as different locations or specialized languages; and aggressive individuals. Applying these findings to the implementation of robotics provides insight in predicting when the increased interactions required by the use of robotics are likely to be smooth and when they are likely to be confliction. If a company’s reward structure emphasizes the putrescence of separate groups, we expect the introduction of robotics to be characterized by conflict. This might occur, for example, if production groups are threaded according to short-term efficiency figures while engineering groups are rewarded for the number of †ewe equipment pieces they introduce. Asymmetric interdependence is also likely to contribute to conflict. This situation characterizes most introductions of new technology where, at least in certain stages of the implementation, production is more dependent on engineering for hardware and software then engineering is dependent on production. The effect of asymmetric needs on conflict is 11 moderated by the company’s reward system. A reward system that emphasizes the performance of operate groups will only amplify the conflict potential of asymmetric interdependence. Instead, a reward system that has a more global and long-term orientation may foster cooperation and reduce the potential for conflict caused by asymmetric interdependence. When the functional groups that must interact to implement new technology are located in different areas or use different terminologies, conflict is likely to surround the process. Conversely, if the different groups are located near each other, sit in on each other’s meetings to understand each other’s goals and constraints, and use a common language, then we expect the interactions required by the introduction of robotics to be more graceful. Finally, the nature of people who play key roles in the introduction, such as the lead engineer, affects the level of conflict. When key positions are occupied by . †aggressive, authoritarian individuals concerned primarily with their own careers, the probability of conflict increases. The behavior of these individuals also will be affected, of course, by the company’s reward sys tem. †other structural issue raised by the implementation of robotics concerns the balance between centralization and decentralization in a organization. Current How to cite The Organizational Implications of Robotics, Papers

Why Mandeville Matters free essay sample

It is a mark of great philosophers that they cannot be rebutted simply by the discovery of errors, however egregious, in the theories they espouse (Helmsman, 57). A figure from the past, no matter how major was, if it is recalled, only in footnotes, should have been at the center of discussion, or rebutted by different opponents at his time. This was also the story of Bernard Mandible. He was the author who became more famous from the critics about his book The fable of the Bees, than from his overall achievement as a writer.His book went through a process of various editions ND was published under different names, until it was finally titled The fable of the Bees. The introduction of the book consists of an allegory that describes a hive, similar to a real state which is shaped by the existence of different attitudes such as ambition, dishonesty, selfishness and pride which Mandible calls vices. According to Laurence Dickey in the essay Pride, hypocrisy and civility in Mandibles social and historical theory, the purpose of The fable of the Bees was to bring back the idea of the moralists and French Jansenism about self-love.By doing this Mandible would be able to explain the theory that development comes as a result of the impact that selfish actions (without any constrain from moral forces) have on the whole society and economy. His idea caused an immediate and strong reaction among the contemporary moralists of the time. Moreover, the Grand Jury accused Mandible for public nuisance since the book he wrote emphasized the useful and positive effect of vice in the society. All his enemies and other people who felt threatened by Mandibles ideas accused him of writing against the institutions and morality of the society.As Philip Hart put it: If hey recognized any personal reflections in his satire touching their own lives, they managed to disguise their resentment in the mann er in which Mandible complained. In fact, there were two major reasons why The Fable of the Bees was so criticized and considered as paradoxical in the development of ideas. First of all, the atmosphere of the eighteen century and especially in 1714 had much of impact in the acceptance of ideas embedded in The Fable.By the time the final edition of the book was published, it was a period of agitation between the prophecies of Marooned represented by elisions groups and the Deist rationalism. Eventually, the publication of The Fable of the Bees made their juxtaposing more complex as Mandible presented his almost unacceptable ideas to the society of that time. Furthermore, Mandibles literary style made it complicated for most of the people to understand his point of view.It was not a result of a lack of clarity in writing, as it was especially due to the use of such a paradox private vices, public benefit that classified the book as controversial. Moreover, the interconnection between social, ethical, political and economic issues in the kook made it more complicated, so there was a need for educated readers that had enough background to understand the text. However, those who had the background to understand it were completely against the ideology of the Mandible as their own interests were attacked. For people like priests, doctors or layers it was impossible to accept that vices were a useful element in the society, while they all in their manners preached for a clean and moral society. Although Mandible texts and his ideas were rejected by the contemporary moralists of that time, he takes credit for the contribution dad mainly in ethics and economics. Actually, the ethical dimension unfolded in The Fable of the Bees is narrowly focused on individual morality and its impact on the general society. The thesis of the entire book private vices, public benefits reflects the main paradox about The Fable.F. B. Kay in his book Bernard Mandible, The Fable of the Bees or Private Vices, Public Benefits suggests that these two elements should be considered separately first. Mandible did not suggest the encouragement of vices; he was in favor of transforming some vices into public benefits. Secondly, not all vices undistributed to the public benefit, but actually was the inverse: public benefit was based on vicious actions. As Mandible himself described it: Millions endeavoring to supply Each others Lust and Vanity .THUS every Part was full of Vice, Yet the whole Mass a Paradise; (Mandible) However, Mandibles paradox contributed to the significant change in ethical and social approach. Since he believed that right was independent of its consequences, he must have believed that the lie would remain vicious in spite of all the good it would do the State. Eventually, in this case, he must believe that private vice serves the public benefit. Actually, experience has shown that circumstances might change the situation and people fall In Mandibles paradox.The economic science studies the choices made by individuals on how to allocate resources so that a larger, quantitatively and qualitatively, amount of satisfaction comes back in return. Economics does also study the choices made by firms, institutions, governments, etc. But since these choices are also made by other people and most importantly based on the individualistic choices mentioned above then it can be said that economics studies the human behavior. It studies that part of human behavior which deals with the well-being of an individual or a group of individuals.Even literally economics, which comes from the Greek word kimono, means the administration of the household. According to all the modern economist economics is built upon two axioms/observations which are: 1) The minimization of profit. Individuals and any organism made from or made for serving the individuals wants to maximize the profits coming out of the use of their resources. 2) The primary and the only concern of the individual is to promote his self-interest. An important issue Of economics is the role of the government.These two seminal points in the modern economic literature were mainly credited to Adam Smith who wrote in his book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, in 1776: Every individual necessarily labors to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it He intends only his own gain (Adam Smith, 264) Generally because of the ideas expressed in these lines Smith, among economists is now known as the father of economics.But he was not the first to talk about the above mentioned points. More than half a century earlier Bernard Mandible presented us with these important ideas in his book The Fable of the Bees or Private Vices Public Benefits. In the Fable Mandible maintains, and maintains explicitly, the theory at present known as the laissez-fairer theory. The Fable of the Bees, I believe, was one of the chief literary sources of the doctrine of laissez-fairer. The greatest impact of Mandibles work was most probably on the field of economics.One of his contributions into this field was for instance the concept of the division of labor about which Mandible talked in The Fable f the BeesBut if one will wholly apply himself to the making of bows and arrows, whilst another provides food, a third builds huts, a fourth makes garments, and a fifth utensils, they not onl y become useful to one another, but the callings and employments themselves will in the same number of years receive much greater improvements, than if all had been promiscuously followed by every one of the five. Adam Smith, known as the father of economics, himself gave credit to Mandible by making use of this point at the Wealth of Nations and making it one of the underpinning principles of odder economics. This of course is little compared to the contributions of Mandible to the economic science. Mandible was the first to really argue about two important principles of modern economics which are minimization of profit and self-interest.The minimization of profit exactly means that individuals and any organism made from or made for serving the individuals wants to maximize the profits coming out of the use of their resources. Smith also used this concept in his book of 1 776 An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations where he writes Every individual necessarily aborts to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can (Adam Smith, 264). Smith also used the self-interest principle.Combining them together he gave us the formalized concept of laissez fairer. Laissez fairer is the theory which promotes the minimum possible intervention of government in commerce and the economic activity. Here Smith introduced the concept of invisible hand. Kay also thought that Mandibles work was essential for the development of laissez fairer doctrine. He argues that without Mandrill?s work Smith probably wouldnt have written about laissez fairer at all.

The Development of the Green Movement free essay sample

This paper discusses the rise of environmental awareness groups and their role today. An argumentative paper which discusses how the future of the environment cannot be left in the hands of the corporations, but how individuals need to take a stronger stand. It begins with describing the development of the green movement and proceeds in examining its role today. It looks at what the individual can do to advance this ideal. From the paper: Through the years the society has become developed and keeps on developing concerns have arisen against the effect of industry and technology on the environment. With the depletion of the ozone layer due to chemical gases, the pollution of the land, seas, and the air with products that are made of material that is not biodegradable and the growth of the human population that causes urban sprawl, all have contributed to the degrading of the environment. In the midst of this havoc arose the concept of environment conservatism, which spread the notion of a ?green? environment that created products that were environment friendly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Development of the Green Movement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Confidence intervals Essays

Confidence intervals Essays Confidence intervals Essay Confidence intervals Essay Assurance Time intervals have legion applications for professional activities. Assurance Time intervals have a broad usage in specifying the result of a peculiar inquiry. The usage of assurance degrees are used normally in Health. Business. Politicss and Engineering locales. There are three illustrations that will be recognized as holding existent universe applications sing assurance intervals. An Empirical Trial of the Black-Scholes ( BS ) Option pricing theoretical account exhibited the usage of a assurance interval attack. The BS theoretical account is a theoretical account used to find monetary value fluctuation over clip such as stock options. The use of assurance intervals to find if the BS theoretical account was accurate was concluded constructing a 95 per centum assurance interval for the call option. we found in general that significantly less than 95 per centum of the observations fall within the relevant scope. The theory of integrating a assurance interval into the BS theoretical account developed a manner for investors to place what options we better to buy. ( Levy A ; Byun. 1987 ) In a instance survey to gauge the assurance in publicizing the writers of Estimating Confidence Bounds for Advertising Effect Duration Intervals studied the dynamic effects of current and past advertisement on current and future gross revenues using assurance intervals. The survey identified how long an advertizement should be displayed depending on the continuance interval and the assurance interval that helped directors arrive at proper determinations. Using assurance intervals in this state of affairs enabled leaders to do an informed determination. ( Franses A ; Vroomen. 2006 ) Through the usage of studies in instance survey Mortality rate and assurance interval appraisal in human-centered emergencies they were able to integrate assurance intervals. They used assurance intervals to find the mortality assurance degree from studies in devastated countries. The writers approach enables wellness functionaries to place assurance degrees from study countries to be better prepared for future exigencies. ( Sullivan. Hossain. A ; Woodruff. 2010 ) There is an infinite sum of ways to utilize assurance intervals in any professional civilization. The three illustrations are merely a little sample of what can really be done to better understand present or past issues. The usage of assurance degrees can assist any leader or director make determinations that foster an environment of growing. Mentions Franses. P. H. . A ; Vroomen. B. ( 2006 ) . Estimating Confidence Bounds for Ad Effect Duration Intervals. Journal of Advertising. 33-37. Levy. H. . A ; Byun. Y. H. ( 1987 ) . An Empirical Trial of the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model and the Implies Variance: A Confidence Interval Approach. Journal of Accounting. Auditing A ; Finance. 355-368. Sullivan. K. . Hossain. S. M. . A ; Woodruff. B. A. ( 2010 ) . Mortalizty rate and assurance interval appraisal in human-centered exigencies. Catastrophes. 164-175.

The Logical Fallacy of Stacking the Deck

The Logical Fallacy of Stacking the Deck The term stacking the deck is a  fallacy in which any evidence that supports an opposing argument is simply rejected, omitted, or ignored. Stacking the deck is a technique thats commonly used in propaganda. It is also known as special pleading, ignoring the counterevidence, slanting, or one-sided assessment. Examples and Observations People sometimes make decisions by folding a piece of paper in half, and listing reasons in favor on one side, and reasons against on the other; then they decide intuitively which side has stronger (not necessarily more) reasons. This method forces us to look at both sides of an issue before we decide. In the incorrect form, we just look at half the picture; this is called stacking the deck. (Harry J. Gensler, Introduction to Logic. Routledge, 2002)Gamblers stack the deck in their favor by arranging the cards so that they will win. Writers stack the deck by ignoring any evidence or arguments that dont support their position. I once experienced stacking the deck when I went to buy a used car. The man trying to sell me the car talked only about how wonderful the car was. After I bought the car, another man tried to sell me an extended warranty by pointing out all the things that could break down. (Gary Layne Hatch, Arguing in Communities. Mayfield, 1996) Deck Stacking in Arguments for and Against the Legalization of Drugs [A] recent ABC show on drugs . . . distorted, omitted or manipulated drug reality. What was piously described as an attempt to open discussion on different approaches to the drug problem was simply a long promotion for legalization of drugs. . . .The program dwells with utmost respect on legalization efforts in Britain and the Netherlands. But it omits evidence of failure. It gives no time to British and Dutch experts who say they have been a disaster, or to Zurichs decision to close its infamous needle park, or to the rise in crime and drug addiction in the Netherlands, or the fact that Italy, which decriminalized possession of heroin in 1975, now leads Western Europe in per capita heroin addiction, with 350,000 addicts.The deck is stacked like a monte game. The advocates of some form of legalization include a judge, police chiefs, a mayor. But nothing is said about the great majority of judges, police officers and mayors who are opposed to legalization by any alias. (A.M. Rosentha l, On My Mind; Stacking the Deck. The New York Times, April 14, 1995) When the White House issued a statement last night saying that marijuana should remain illegalresponding to our pro-legalization editorial seriesofficials there weren’t just expressing an opinion. They were following the law. The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy is required by statute to oppose all efforts to legalize any banned drug.It’s one of the most anti-scientific, know-nothing provisions in any federal law, but it remains an active imposition on every White House. The drug czar, as the director of the drug control policy office is informally known, must take such actions as necessary to oppose any attempt to legalize the use of a substance that’s listed on Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act and has no approved medical use.Marijuana fits that description, as do heroin and LSD. But unlike those far more dangerous drugs, marijuana has medical benefits that are widely known and are now officially recognized in 35 states. The drug cza r, though, isn’t allowed to recognize them, and whenever any member of Congress tries to change that, the White House office is required to stand up and block the effort. It cannot allow any federal study that might demonstrate the rapidly changing medical consensus on marijuana’s benefits and its relative lack of harm compared to alcohol and tobacco.(David Firestone, The Required White House Response on Marijuana. The New York Times, July 29, 2014) Stacking the Deck on Talk Shows Biased talk-show hosts often stack the deck in their discussions of controversial issues by choosing more qualified and dynamic guests to represent the viewpoints they favor. If, by chance, the other guests seem to be overcoming the disadvantage, the host will interrupt and make it a two-on-one debate. An even more outrageous form of stacking the deck is for talk-show hosts and program directors to ignore entirely the side of the issue they disagree with.(Vincent Ryan Ruggiero, Making Your Mind Matter: Strategies for Increasing Practical Intelligence. Rowman Littlefield, 2003)

Holocaust Memorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Holocaust Memorial - Essay Example When I see it, I don’t know how to react. It is like walking through a distorted field of black blocks. I think the memorial is supposed to invoke fear, confusion, and a feeling of orderliness. This is probably what the Jews felt during the holocaust. They were afraid for their lives and were confused about ever surviving. The only thing they knew was to work in an orderly fashion. Much like ants work relentlessly to meet the goals set by their ruler. The structures themselves make no sense but their meaning is deep. They lack any form identity, or individualism. The structures are separate only by their height. I think that Eisenman is an architectural genius. He is able to evoke so many emotions from something so simple. But why does it only commemorate the Jews? There were many other people convicted for reasons other than being Jewish. Amongst those who were victims to the holocaust were the handi-capped, gays, Gypsies, and Soviet prisoners of war. It is not just the Jews who need to be remembered but the others who fell to Nazi Germany’s regiment. Nevertheless, the memorial achieved its purpose- to represent subliminally a dark age in man’s history.

Participatory Culture of Henry Jenkins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Participatory Culture of Henry Jenkins - Essay Example The essay "Participatory Culture of Henry Jenkins" talks about the idea of Henry Jenkins that literacy in the 21st century should be measured as a social or group skill rather than subjective. In short, he has tried to unravel that, whether it is knowledge or education, it should be shared and spread in the present times with the help of different tools that he describes as aids; however, he has also reiterated that incorporating new ideas or methodologies in an effort to make literacy more viable and accessible does not mean that traditional ideas should be refuted in any manner or with a motive, which is virtually irrelevant. Thus, the idea of Jenkins, which says â€Å"the new media literacies should be seen as social skills, as ways of interacting with a larger community, and not simply an individualized skill to be used for personal expression† opens new opportunities. The point that is to be appreciated in the concept is that Jenkins has begun explaining his ideas in an extremely lucid manner that pervades the humdrum of all those concepts that are familiar in everyday life. Although he has entered into a sensitive arena such as literacy and education, Jenkins has tried to maintain a strain of sanguinity throughout the paper. His primary intention is to convince his readers that education is a much broader term and its utilization should not be restrained or limited; rather, the new means of communication can be used for diminishing the cross-cultural barriers that often detains the true purpose of education.

General Mills Essay Example for Free

General Mills Essay On December 8, 2000, management at General Mills proposed a plan to acquire Pillsbury, a baked-goods producer. Pillsbury is currently controlled by Diageo PLC, one of the world’s leading consumer goods companies. The deal specifies that General Mills is to create and thus issue additional shares of common stock to Diageo in exchange for complete ownership of the Pillsbury subsidiary. If the deal is executed, Diageo will become General Mills’ largest shareholder. The consideration to Diageo would include 141 million shares of the companys common stock and the assumption of . 142 billion of Pillsbury debt, making the deal worth over $10 billion. In addition, the agreement will contain a contingency payment, as up to $642 million of the total transaction value may be repaid to General Mills at the first anniversary of the closing, depending on its average stock price at that time. In this report, we will calculate and analyze various costs and benefits associated with the transaction to determine whether or not General Mills’ shareholders should vote for the proposed acquisition. If approved, General Mills will become the fifth largest food company in the world 2. OVERVIEW OF GENERAL MILLS, INC. General Mills manufactures and markets branded consumer foods worldwide. It has a strong presence in the United States, as it is the nation’s largest producer of yogurt and the second largest producer of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. The company owns many product segments that are marketed under high-profile brand names, such as Betty Crocker, Yoplait, Cheerios, and Big G. Each of these businesses in the United States was mature and offered relatively low organic growth. Because of this reason, the firm has pursued numerous expansion opportunities that have successfully positioned General Mills as a market leader. Its expansion efforts have proved successful, as General Mills had annual revenues of about $7. 5 billion in the fiscal-year 2000. Although highly profitable, General Mills is facing increased competition in the food industry, as rivals are consolidating and becoming more difficult to compete against. Therefore, General Mills must be able to recognize and thus act on potentially high-yielding investments that will allow the company to expand despite the slow-growth food industry. Through a program of aggressive share repurchases in the 1990s, General Mills had increased its book value debt-to-equity ratio dramatically compared with its peers. Despite this fact, General Mills still maintains an investment grade bond rating from the rating agencies. 3. OVERVIEW OF DIAGEO PLC AND PILLSBURY COMPANY Diageo is one of the world’s leading consumer goods companies formed in 1997 through the merger of GrandMet and Guinness. Its product portfolio consisted of prominent alcoholic-beverage brands such as J;B, Johnnie Walker, Smirnoff, Gordon’s, Tanqueray, and Guinness as well as the Burger King fast food chain and Pillsbury. Pillsbury is a baked goods company that operates under Diageo. Pillsbury is one of America’s best-recognized names in the food industry. Marketing its goods under the popular Dough Boy character, Pillsbury has successfully positioned its brand and has created a longstanding platform for success in the food industry. The company also controls several other high-profile brands, such as Green Giant, Old El Paso, and Progresso. Not too far behind General Mills, in 2000, Pillsbury generated annual revenues of $6. 1 billion. 4. OVERVIEW OF GENERAL MILLS’ ACQUISITION OF PILLSBURY On December 8, 2000, management of General Mills recommended that its shareholders authorize the creation of more shares of common stock in order to acquire Pillsbury. The transaction between Pillsbury and General Mills will involve a stock-for-stock exchange that would pay Diageo over $10 billion; 141 million shares of common stock in addition to the assumption of $5. 142 billion in debt. This debt figure includes Pillsbury’s existing debt of $142 million, along with $5 billion in new borrowings that will be distributed to Diageo in the form of a special dividend before the deal is closed. After the transaction is completed, Diageo will own about 33% of General Mills’ outstanding shares. If approved, the transaction would result in Pillsbury operating as a wholly-owned subsidiary of General Mills. This essentially means that Pillsbury is completely controlled by General Mills, as General Mills would own 100% of Pillsbury’s stock. Diageo is primarily divesting its holding in Pillsbury in exchange for a substantial holding in General Mills. The transaction also includes a rare contingency payment, which specifies that $642 million of the transaction cost will be set aside by Diageo in an escrow account for one year following the closing of the deal. If General Mills’ average stock price is above $42. 55, Diageo is to transfer the $642 million back to General Mills. If General Mills’ average stock price is below $38, Diageo will only pay $450,000. If the stock price is between these two values, the escrow fund will be split on a pro-rated basis. It is important to note that there are two main constraints involved with the transaction. First, General Mills does not want Diageo to own in excess of 33% of its stock. Second, General Mills does not want to lose its investment-grade bond rating. 5. GENERAL MILLS’ STRATEGIC MOTIVES FOR ACQUIRING PILLSBURY Acquiring Pillsbury can provide General Mills with two main potential benefits. The first potential benefit for acquiring Pillsbury is growth. The acquisition of Pillsbury gives General Mills the opportunity to double the size of its empire. If the transaction is approved, General Mills will become the fifth largest food company in the world. By acquire Pillsbury, General Mills would create value for shareholders by providing opportunities for accelerated sales and earnings growth. These opportunities would be exploited through product innovation, channel expansion, international expansion, and productivity gains. In addition to growth, the transaction would also create positive synergies for General Mills through cost savings. General Mills’ management is motivated to close the deal because they believe that the two companies will grow faster together than either would alone. In other words, General Mills hopes to increase the value of the combined enterprise through synergy, which will benefit Diageo as well as the other shareholders of General Mills. The acquisition should accelerate earnings more quickly than if GM remains smaller and continues to focus solely on its core products. If General Mills acquires Pillsbury, it will be able to combine the capital, resources, and technology of both firms, resulting in greater efficiencies and increased capacity for future expansion efforts. The transaction would also result in at least $645 million in pretax savings between fiscal year 2001 and 2003 ($25 million in fiscal 2001, $220 million in 2002, and $400 million in 2003). These savings are the results of supply chain improvements, efficiencies in selling, merchandising, and marketing, as well as the streamlining of administrative activities. 6.   The deal would be economically attractive if the benefit is greater than or equal to the cost of the acquisition. In other word, the deal would be considered economically attractive if: Value of Pillsbury + Synergies + Clawback Stock Paid + Debt Assumed If the benefit is greater than or equal to the cost of the acquisition, value will be created for the shareholders. In other words, General Mills’ shareholders, which will include Diageo, will be benefit from the transaction. 6. 1. VALUATION OF PILLSBURY (WITHOUT SYNERGIES) Pillsbury was valued by both Evercore Partners and Merrill Lynch using three valuation methods: comparable firms (LTM EBITDA and LTM EBIT), comparable transactions (LTM EBITDA and LTM EBIT), and discounted cash flow (With and Without Synergies). Since synergies will be calculated separately in our discussion, it is important to value Pillsbury without synergies first (in other words, we need to find the value of Pillsbury by itself). The values that Evercore Partners and Merrill Lynch came up with are between $8. 4 billion and $13. 21. For our analysis, we will use these numbers as our estimated standalone value for Pillsbury with $8. 4 billon as the low value and $13. 21 as the high value. 6. 2. VALUE OF SYNERGIES (COST SYNERGIES) If the transaction is approved by shareholders, General Mills’ management team believes that the deal would create cost savings of $25 million, $220 million, and $400 million in 2001, 2002, and 2003 respectively. These savings are the results of supply chain improvements, efficiencies in selling, merchandising, and marketing, as well as the streamlining of administrative activities. However, through positive synergies between General Mills and Pillsbury, we believe that the cost savings will last longer than three years. Below is the discounted cash flow valuation of cost synergies given the following assumptions: a. WACC = 9. 3% b. Annual Inflation = 2% c. Free Cash Flow Perpetual Growth Rate = 2. 5% d. Tax Rate = 40% Based on the analysis above, the net present value of cost synergies is about $3. 24 billion. This number is very significant considered the valuation of Pillsbury itself is only worth between $8. 4 billion and $13. 21 billion. Synergies will be an important factor in our consideration when we provide our recommendations later in the report. 6. 3. VALUE OF CLAWBACK As part of the agreement between General Mills and Diageo, a contingent payment clause is included in the transaction. The terms of this payment specify that up to $642 million of the total transaction value may be repaid to General Mills at the first anniversary of the closing, depending on its average stock price for the 20 trading days prior to that date. If General Mills’ average stock price is above $42. 55, Diageo is to transfer the $642 million back to General Mills. If General Mills’ average stock price is below $38, Diageo will only pay $450,000. If the stock price is between these two values, the escrow fund will be split on a pro-rated basis. Exhibit 1 shows the payoff diagram for this contingent payment. With the stock price on the x-axis and the payoff amount on the y-axis, we are able to show the payoff amount (according to the terms in the contingency plan) with respect to the price of General Mills’ stock. As shown in the graph, the payoff is flat at $450,000 when the stock price is in between $0 and $38. However, the payoff begins increasing when the stock price is between $38 and $42. 55. The closer the stock price comes to $42. 55, the higher the payoff amount to General Mills. Once the stock price reaches $42. 55, the payoff is flat again, as General Mills is to receive a fixed amount of $642 million regardless of the price increase after it reaches the point of $42. 55. Some financial professional called this contingent payment â€Å"claw-back† provision because it would reclaim some value for General Mills if its share price rose. This contingent plan serves an important purpose in this transaction. Since General Mills and Diageo had differences in opinions with regards to the value of General Mills’ stock, the contingency payment serves as a â€Å"deal saver†. The entire transaction was about to fall apart over a price disagreement. General Mills didn’t want to pay more than $10 billion, whereas Diageo didn’t want to accept anything less than $10. 5 billion. Therefore, the contingency payment established the â€Å"bridge the gap† in purchase price. In addition, General Mills believes that its stock is undervalued, whereas Diageo believes the stock price will stay the same or decrease within a year. In other words, General Mills thinks the stock is worth more than it is trading for. It serves as an opportunity for General Mills to take advantage of its perception of the strength of its stock. From General Mills’ point of view, the contingent payment is equivalent to a bull spread: a long call with exercise price of $38. 00 and a short call with exercise price of $42. 55. Using Black Scholes option pricing model, the analysis below shows the value for this combined position. From the analysis above, the present value of the contingent payment (Clawback) is between $195. 43 million and $331. 63 million. If the deal is approved by shareholders, Diageo will own 141 million shares of General Mills’ common stock. To determine the value of General Mills’ stock payment to Diageo, it is important to note that General Mills’ board of directors approved the merger in July of 2000 but General Mills’ executives did not ask the shareholders for creation of more shares of its common stock until December of that year. Due to this reason, the average stock price of July and December will be used to calculate the value of General Mills’ stock payment to Diageo. Using the average price of the July stock price ($35.50 per share), the value of General Mills’ stock payment to Diageo is $5. 006 billion (141 million shares x $35. 50/share). Using the average price of the December stock price ($41. 00 per share), the value of General Mills’ stock payment to Diageo is $5. 781 billion (141 million shares x $41/share). 6. 5. VALUE OF DEBT ASSUMED If the deal i s approved by shareholders, General Mills will take on $5. 142 billion in new debt. This debt figure includes Pillsbury’s existing debt of $142 million, along with $5 billion in new borrowings that will be distributed to Diageo in the form of a special dividend before the deal is closed. This is one of the factors that shareholders should consider when making the decision to whether or not to vote for the deal. It is important to note that General Mills already have a higher increase in debt to equity ratio compared with its peers due to aggressive share repurchase back in the 1990s. General Mills may lose its investment grade bond rating if it has too much debt on its balance sheet. Now that we have all the components of costs and benefits for the acquisition, let’s put it all together to see if the acquisition of Pillsbury will be economically attractive to shareholder. In other word, will the acquisition of Pillsbury create value for shareholders? The table below summarizes the costs and benefits of Pillsbury Acquisition. Based on the analysis above, the benefits for both low and high end of the acquisition are higher than the costs of the acquisition. Due to this reason, the acquisition of Pillsbury is economically attractive to both General Mills’ managements and shareholders. 7. RECOMMENDATION FOR GENERAL MILLS’ SHAREHOLDERS Based on the cost and benefit analysis, the acquisition of Pillsbury is a promising investment. Acquiring Pillsbury can help General Mills create synergies through both income / earning growth and cost savings. One key information that all shareholders should keep in mind when making decision is synergies. As shown in the calculation above, synergies account for a large part of the benefit side of the acquisition. If shareholders vote for this deal, they are making a big bet on the creation of synergies between the two companies. If synergies cannot be created between the two companies, no value will be created for the shareholders. Exhibit 1: Payoff Diagram for the Contingent Payment (Clawback) Payoff $38 $42. 55Stock Price

Chris Argyris Case Study Analysis: Organizational Climate Essay

Chris Argyris Case Study Analysis: Organizational Climate MidAmerica Nazarene University offers Organizational Behavior as a class in their adult education program (Courses, 2012) that this author teaches. Subsequently, Chris Argyris, a forerunner in organizational behavior research (Burke & Weir, 1978) and the discipline itself are of particular import to this writer. Argyris expanded on research analysis surrounding previously accepted norms of organizational examination that included "the formal, the personality, or the informal levels of analysis," (Argyris, 1958). Moreover, Argyris posited organizational behavior as a "living complexity, conveniently defined as the climate of the organization," (p. 502). This paper will examine organizational behavior as it relates to the case study published in 1958, the contribution of the researchers work, and the influence on the field of organizational psychology. The Case Study There is a fundamental reliance between organizations and the people that make up organizations. Businesses function with a menu of policies and procedures intended to shape the behavior of employees to deliver on goals set forth by the company. Employees have emotional qualities, skill sets, and other abilities that allow them to function in the business environment, Variables affect the organization, creating conflict between the demands of the organization and the needs of the employees. Argyris (1958) described this conflict as organizational behavior, or the â€Å"climate of the organization,† (p. 502). Organizational behavior as a separate analytical category to formal, informal, and personality analysis form the focus of his research. Described as a â€Å"new and forth level of analysis,† (p. 502), Ar... ...g Organizational Climate: A Case Study of a Bank. [Article]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2(4), 501-520. Argyris, C. (1974). Personality vs. organization. Organizational Dynamics, 3(2), 2-17. doi: 10.1016/0090-2616(74)90006-0 Argyris, C. (1978). Is capitalism the culprit? Organizational Dynamics, 6(4), 20-37. doi: 10.1016/0090-2616(78)90050-5 Argyris, C. (1985). Strategy, change and defensive routines. Southport PR9 9YF England: Pitman Publishing. Burke, R. J., & Weir, T. (1978). Organizational Climate and Informal Helping Processes in Work Settings. [Article]. Journal of Management, 4(2), 91-105. . Courses. (2012) Retrieved February 5, 2012, from https://www.mnu.edu/ba-in-mgt-human-relations/courses.html . Google Scholar. (2012) Retrieved February 5, 2012, from http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10595814382911548686&as_sdt=5,26&sciodt=0,26&hl=en

Women(KAFA)

In the Ad they are showing the effects of verbal abuse on women. They are trying to do something about it and raise awareness to all form of abuse, which is not always physical. They are showing a place where women can go to, someone who would help and do something about it. Most of the women don't talk about being abused because they are afraid of the disgrace. The women are being abused because of the Idea that men have that once they are married to them they became their property; they get to do whatever they want to do to them.KAFA are trying to enlighten the people and let them getting a little bit wiser about women's rights and they are now going to help abused women. All what women have to do Is to call them and tell what she is suffering from. The tone they are using here serious, because this situation is becoming all over the place and no one seems to bat an eye about, shocking; because this abuse will live for many years with the woman and hunt her down and spoils every mo ment of happiness that she ever dreamt of having and that could to lead hem to commit suicide.With KAFA they don't have to suffer in silence they will give them help. KAFA Is looking for a better society where all Its citizens live free of violence and where they have equality. In general KAFA started to make these Ads to spot the light on certain behaviors in our culture. They are trying to get us on track to recognize women's rights. One factor Is that women are considered some kind of slave for the men desires. Another factor is that the women role is shortened as an indoor role only. However, woman is an ffective fgure in society she could do any thing as better as men.The biggest factor that led to this campaign Is the Arab Spring; after what happened In the region has opened the eyes wide open to see that we are In the phase of changing. Therefore; women became part of the Arab Spring and now they have central role in that transition. In KSA women now have the right tovote In Saudi parliament that only means one thing, which is we are at the doorstep of new era of a democratic world. All of these factors helped to create this organization to increase awareness of Women's rights.The main thing KAFA Is trying to advocacy and builds awareness of women's status and issues in our region, for a better tomorrow with equality. This organization is all about having a better society with no violence and women slavery. This civil society organization Is looking to mitigate the causes and results of violence and exploitation of women through advocacy and lobbying. The message for women in this Ad is you dont have to suffer from verbal abuse or any other kind; we are here to get you out of the gutter.Dont stay In the shade come to the bright side. I nls AO was a consequence 0T wnat Is nappenlng lately In tne region, wnlcn Is tne Arab Spring. All of the Arab countries that suffered from dictatorship are now up against their regimes. It is started from Tunisia all the way to Yemen. The people are claiming their rights, democracy and fair elections etc. Several countries from the region are undergoing fundamental transitions, including holding elections, making new Constitutions, new laws and establishing mechanisms for transitional Justice.The outcome and the results of these processes are critical and very sensitive for the rights of women and their status in the new era of democracy. The Arab uprising has empowering women to claim a wider and larger presence and role in the public, and that is a revolutionary thing, and that is a good thing to exclude the decades of gender stereotyping. The position of the women has been difficult. In 2002 the first Arab Human Development Report cited the lack of women's rights is caused of, lack of political freedoms and poor education, that hampered the region's progress.Nowadays, Women and men are seeking human rights, Justice and equality after decades of dictatorship. That thing yielded of making companies who afraid of excluding women from the revolution because the revolution impact on women still unclear. Most of the people in the revolution are hoping this revolution will boosts women's rights, but the outcome still didn't match up their expectations. Some Islamic-extremes parties that have been raised to the authorities are considered as a threat to women's rights. In these rough days women is playing a very important role n the revolution.In Libya women smuggled medicine, weapon all of that Just to help the rebels and prove that they are helpful and could be an important part in their revolution. Even now while the situation still raging some people start a revolution inside of revolution all that Just to keep women's rights within the aims of the main revolution. KAFA made these Ads to spot the light on women abusing. It is not same any more the abusing is not physical it took another shapes nowadays; it became verbal, insulting women with hurtful words.Therefore; they are try ing show what they are fighting for and it's a thing people should be up against the same as the dictatorship regime. A lot of doubt that the women case will remain the same as it was before because men are looking for their own sake. Consequently; organizations all around the region including KAFA are making people aware to not forget women in our revolution and that we are standing for the same case and it is a chance to write a new chapter in our history of freedom and equality with no sexism and gender stereotyping. Eventually stop women abusing.

THtruemilk

Vietnam Is gradually open the economy to well-come there of International trade, which create a great Incentive for any Industry, Including dairy Industry, to expand production, enhance competition and better benefit domestic as well as foreign consumers. Dairy products offered in Vietnam market today, for that reason, become various. HTH True milk, the young and potential producer in this industry, has been well-known as a domestic firm providing high-qualified dairy products with acceptable price.In the band new economy background, HTH True milk also cope with ever competition, but still not only survive but also continuously get further step In dominating the domestic market. Fresh milk Is one of HTH group's strategy, and an outstanding example of HTH true milk's success in term of market share as well. To clarify culprits for HTH true milk's prosper and also work out some suggestion for its further development, our group has managed to make some analysis of overall market, busine ss environment, brand, customers and competitor s as well as SOOT matrix applied for the company Itself.The marketing plan Is composed of 5 mall parts: Firstly, in the part of current marketing situation , market situation, product review, competitive review, distribution situation would be clarified. Secondly, SOOT analysis indicates strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities to help company see through where they are standing in the dairy market and make decision to deal with: capitalizing on strengths, overcoming weaknesses, maximizing opportunities, and eliminating any threats or turning them Into opportunities.In the next part, objectives and Issues would be mentioned. _ After that, marketing strategy including signposting, product, pricing and promotion strategy plus distribution strategy will be discussed. And based on the company's strategies, the action program is established II. HTH True milk was established In 2009 with the financial advisor of the Bank of North Sal sa commercial Joint stock.The True milk enters the mature dairy market and face with many veteran competitors. Figure: Vietnamese dairy revenue from 2004-2009(unit: billion VEND) (Source: Hauberk securities' annual report) Vietnam dairy Industry has experienced a significantly growing trend In revenue urine the period 2004-2009 as the sales doubled to VEND 8,503 billion In 2009 as compared to the figure of VEND,084 billion in 2004.This development attracted a lot of companies to invest in this potential market, forcing HTH true milk to involve in a great competition for survival. There are about 50 dairy companies in Vietnam, mostly small and medium sized companies. The biggest competitors are: Vanilla, Dutch Lady Vietnam, Nestle Vietnam, Nutrition, F & N Vietnam and Hangnails. However, the market Is very concentrated and 65% belong to 2 major manufacturers are Valhalla

Dialectic and Spectacle in the Harrowing of Hell Essays

Dialectic and Spectacle in the Harrowing of Hell Essays Dialectic and Spectacle in the Harrowing of Hell Medieval Literary Drama Dialectic and Spectacle in the Harrowing of Hell Roland Barthes's essay on "The World of Wrestling" draws analogically on the ancient theatre to contextualize wrestling as a cultural myth where the grandiloquence of the ancient is preserved and the spectacle of excess is displayed. Barthes's critique which is above all a rewriting of what was to understand what is is useful here insofar as it may be applied back to theatre as another open-air spectacle. But in this case, not the theatre of the ancients, but the Middle English pageant presents the locus for discussing the sport of presentation, or, if you prefer, the performance of the sport. More specifically, what we see by looking at the Harrowing of Hell the dramatic moment in the cycle plays that narratizes doctrinal redemption more graphically than any other play in the cycle as spectacle offers a matrix for the multiple relationships between performance and audience and the means of producing that performance which, in turn, necessarily produces the audience. The implications of the spectacle could sensibly be applied to the complete texts of the cycle plays, and perhaps more appropriately to the full range of the pageant and its concomitant festivities. The direction of pseudo-historical criticism, especially of the Elizabethan stage, certainly provides a well-plowed ground for advancing the festive and carnivalesque inherently present in the establishment and event of theater. Nevertheless, my discussion here is both more limited and more expansive: its limits are constructed by the choice of an individual play recurrent through the four extant manuscripts of what has come to be called the Corpus Christi plays; its expansion is expressed through a delivery that aims to implicate the particular moment of this play in the operations of a dominant church-state apparatus, which is, ostensibly, a model of maintaining hegemony in Western culture. The Harrowing provides a singular instance in which the mechanisms of control of the apparatus appear to extend and exploit their relationship with the audience (i.e. congregation). The play is constructed beyond the canonized operations of the sacred, originating a narrative beyond (yet within) the authorized vulgate; it is constructed only through church authority yet maintains the divinely instituted force of the orthodox doctrine. Two introductory instances, one from the Chester cycle and the other from the Towneley cycle, situate the narrative and event of the play as a spectacle which engages the possibility of being consumed by its historical and particular mass culture a culture which was primarily illiterate in both the official and the vernacular writings of the church and being understood within the hegemonic orthodoxy. The introductory speech in the Chester Plays (The Cooke's Play) describes a previous knowledge that Adam as representative for a fallen humanity apprehends exactly at the moment he articulates his speech: Nowe, by this light that I nowe see, joye ys come, lord, through thee, and one thy people hast pittye to put them out of payne. Similarly, though now through Jesus's self-proclamation, the introduction in the Towneley cycle reveals the already known nature of its narrative: A light will thay haue To know I will com sone; My body shall abyde in gaue Till all this dede be done. The doubled "nowe" of Adam's speech and the perfected futurity of Jesus's speech dictate a time before narrative. By expressing the nature of narrative to be known and that the outcome of the particular battle which is hardly a battle between Satan and Jesus is already determined, both Adam's and Jesus's speeches establish a code for participating in the festival. The audience is relegated within this code beyond the activity of interpretation; they are placed outside of the hermeneutic circle. Instead of calling for interpretation, the play calls for consumption, which means, in this case, to view the spectacle. The public then is subordinated to its own activity of visualization its own sense of perception to gain access to the operations of the festival. At this point of subordination to the visual, the audience's motives, according to Barthes's description of the effects of the spectacle, are extinguished: The public is completely uninterested in knowing whether the contest is rigged or

American Cars and Foreign Cars

American cars are now almost living. A car owned by a person shows the world what type of person they are. Most of these cars are the top ten car companies that dominate the automobile market. There are more than 250 million cars on the US road. Five of the ten car brands are American brands. For its incredible safety and reliability, unique style, support for the same or higher fuel economy and work in the United States, more people should buy American cars. American cars are stronger and more reliable than foreign cars. Another comparable difference between the US and foreign cars is performance. As we all know, American cars have bigger engines, which makes cars feel a way of driving. Unlike American cars, most foreign cars have a small but complicated engine to improve the reaction of driving cars. Regardless of whether the car is an American car or a foreign car, the engineering design of foreign cars made for performance is more complicated than most American cars. In contrast, the components of each type of car are similar, but foreign car seems to have a more sophisticated component system with better performance in handling, acceleration and braking. In terms of distinguishing performance, foreign cars have higher standards than American-made cars. From an American point of view, foreign cars are more expensive than similar cars in America. The most obvious answer is that foreign cars are being imported, so the retail price must be higher. This is true in almost all cases, but by contrast foreign cars are more valuable than American cars. The explanation of the difference in value may be that the quality of a foreign car is better than that of an American. Repair and maintenance of each type of car is directly related to value. Using general logic, expensive cars can be said to cost more as cars are repaired. In most cases, unless most foreign cars are of better quality, they are unlikely to need repair like an American car. Obviously foreign cars are more expensive and more valuable than American cars.

Enviromental law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enviromental law - Essay Example The government in Europe typically establishes the performance regulations for polluters which allow them purchase licenses. The polluters who lack to comply with the set law and conditions put in their licenses can be prosecuted or face the civil punishment. Although the control and command approach is usually important, the limitations are apparently increasing. It depends its effectiveness on standard bodies which can be under-financed or inefficient. The environmental goals are normally set with no proper contemplation of economic costs1. Command and control strategies are poorly equipped to cater for the highly compound issues. They lack to respond nicely with public concerns. Thus, it calls for growing interest in more flexible approaches which are reflexive for environmental protection. These include laws and policies which enhance for self-regulation. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the most crucial example for this new approach. The main idea concerning the environmental impact assessment relates to when a project has the probability of having serious environmental consequences which can be scrutinized before establishment of development. That is fundamentally a two stage process. The first stage deals with gathering and analysis of crucial information. The developer then prepares or commissions from the environmental consultant an environmental statement which describes the possible environment effects of development. Theoretically, this should be objective and accurate. Depending on Donald Mc Gillivray and Stuart Bell, the two British environmental lawyers, the ideas of EIA would include a completely biased free information kind of collation produced in a manner which would be sound, coherent and complete. Realistically, the environmental statements given on behalf of developers are usually biased and of low quality. This indicates why countries like Czech Republic and Croatic have come up with accreditation systems used by consultants responsible for such preparations. If the development is contradictory, more reports can be produced by pressure groups, private individuals and government agencies. The report can be commissioned via planning authorities. The second stage involves the assessment of that information by appropriate planning authority. The authority should take the probable environmental impacts into responsibility before coming with a decision whether or not to allow the development. The environmental impact assessment is principally a procedural mechanism. The authority may involve economic benefits of a project which could overshadow the environmental harm which is likely to result. But it cannot allow development without giving proper consideration to the concerned environmental implications. The history of Environmental Impact Assessment In Europe, Germany and France in 1975 and 1976 respectively, were the primary countries to introduce the EIA requirements. The suggestion aroused strong challenge though the EIA directive was expected in the European Community's Second Action Programmed on Environment in 1977. After eight years of strong debate, this came into action in July 1988 and has been edified. The EIA necessities were then introduced by many of the European EC and non-EC countries. Almost all the developed counties now currently the mandatory environmental